Thanissaro Bhikkhu: in the "Pāṭimokkha"

Thanissaro Bhikkhu: in the  "Pāṭimokkha"

"In analyzing offenses for the purpose of determining penalties, the Vibhaṅga divides an action into *five factors*: *_the effort, the perception under which it is made, the intention motivating it, the object at which it is aimed, and the result_*. In some of the rules, all five factors play a role in determining what is and is not a full offense. In others, only two, three, or four play a role. For example, under the pārājika rule forbidding murder, all five factors have to be present for a full offense: The object has to be a human being, the bhikkhu has to perceive him/her as a living being, he has to have murderous intent, he has to make an effort for the person to die, and the person has to die.

If any of these factors is missing, the penalty changes. For instance, object: If the bhikkhu kills a dog, the penalty is a pācittiya. 

Perception: If he cremates a friend, thinking that the friend is dead, then even if the friend is actually alive but severely comatose, the bhikkhu incurs no penalty. 

Intention: If he accidentally drops a rock on a person standing below him, he incurs no penalty even if the person dies. 

Effort: If he sees a person fall into the river but makes no effort to save the person, he incurs no penalty even if the person drowns. 

Result: If he tries to kill a person, but only succeeds in injuring him, he incurs a thullaccaya."

thanks 

23rd October, 2022